Here is a quick checklist of items I have found to be important in securing and monitoring the security of outward-facing web servers.
Architecture
Hardening
Operating systems and web server software packages often come with additional components that may not be necessary. Rather than leaving unused but potentially vulnerable software available on a web server, it is wise to disable and/or remove any unused software.
Ensure directories and files have appropriate access permissions - does the web server process really need read access to the entire filesystem?
Remove default system accounts. Ensure accounts with access to the server have appropriate passwords.
If you have a host-based firewall on the web server, limit access to administrative functions (SSH or remote terminal services). Limit outbound network connections from the server to only necessary sites and/or protocols.
Patching & Updating
It is amazing how many web servers I have found that are running operating systems, web server software, or web applications that are long outdated and likely to have substantial vulnerabilities. It's important to stay abreast of known vulnerabilities and vendor patches, and have a working plan to evaluate, apply, and test patches for all the software on the web server as well as the other servers and network devices associated with the web server.
I subscribe to the SANS @Risk Consensus Security Alert mail list to stay informed of vulnerabilities and patches in major operating systems and applications.
Web application firewall
Even the best-run and maintained systems can have latent vulnerabilities hiding in the software and/or configuration. Web application firewalls can help protect against attacks such as SQL injection which are otherwise all too commonly successful.
I have made use of the mod_security Apache plug-in module and rules to protect web servers. Many commercial web application firewall devices are available, and even cloud-based web application firewall services are available.
Penetration testing
It's not a bad idea to have a third-party check your web site using penetration testing techniques to check for potential network, operating system, web server, and web application vulnerabilities and mis-configurations.
I have not used it, but I understand the BackTrack bootable Linux CD provides a nice collection of tools to perform penetration testing. Otherwise, there seems to be quite a few consultants willing to perform penetration testing.
Log monitoring
Of course, a busy web site can generate a large amount of log data every day. Tools like awstats can be useful to build an understanding of typical usage loads, top pages, and user demographics.
I have also found looking at failed requests (4xx responses) to be interesting because one can see what approaches attackers are using against web sites, and can help make sure that defenses are working properly.
Auditing
If a system seems to be running OK, why bother looking for trouble?
- What if you have outdated administrative accounts, some of which probably have poor passwords?
- What if a piece of software was installed at some point that unexpected opened access permissions in the filesystem?
- What if, during a hasty period of diagnosing and resolving a significant issue, permissions were changed in the filesystem or in the web server configuration and never were restored?
- Or, what if an attacker has gained access to the server and is siphoning data into a hidden directory for later download?
Make time to audit your web server regularly and look for unexpected changes in files, permissions, or access, check logs, and verify installed software and patches.
Data loss monitoring and prevention
Data loss monitoring and prevention systems should have a place in high-stakes web services. These systems can monitor the type and quantity of data that is coming out of a web server or the database, and raise alerts or block results that violate rules. These systems can be put in place either in front of the web server or the database server to monitor requests and responses.
